Carbon dioxide mineralization is a process in which CO2 reacts with alkaline metal to form solid carbonate minerals.
Demolished concrete aggregate contains hydrated cement phases. These hydrated cement phases are in contact with water, e.g. pore water – and thus in a solid-liquid equilibrium. Part of the hydrated cement is dissolved in the water and therefore present as ions. As CO2 is also dissolved in this water, new mineral that exhibit lower solubility than the hydrated cement phases precipitate. And voilà, calcium carbonate (CACO3) is formed.
Thus, the CO2 and the hydrated cement undergo a chemical transformation to form rock. This so-called carbonation reaction of 1 kg CO2 releases heat such that the temperature of 1,000 kg of concrete increases by about 2.5°C.
CACO3 is considered to be amongst the most permanent ways to sequester carbon. Only temperatures above 600°C or very strong acids could trigger the release of CO2. This ensures that the CO2 remains stored in the concrete, even if it is demolished again after being reused.